Effect of iron ore tailing and glass powder on concrete properties Efecto de los relaves de mineral de hierro y polvo de vidrio en las propiedades del concreto

The aim of this research is to test the characteristics of concrete by substitute fine aggregate with iron ore tailings and partial glass powder as in the place of cement. Concrete with waste products such as glass powder and iron ore tailings offers technical, economic and environmental advantages. In this experimental investigation, glass powder is replaced with cement by 10%, 20% and 30% and iron ore tailings with fine aggregates by 30% which is the optimum percentage. To study the role of glass powder and iron ore tailings combination in concrete, The properties such compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength and also durability parameters likely water absorption investigation for M40 concrete is carried out with different percentages of glass powder by keeping the iron ore tailings percentage constant. At 30% glass powder substitution as cement and sand with IOT increases concrete effectiveness. The concrete with 10% glass powder & 30% iron ore tailings showed a higher strength compared to the conventional mix for 28 days. Concrete mix containing 10% GP and 30% IOT showed higher flexural strength of 5.05 MPa for 28 days. Splitting tensile strength value is also increasing i. e for 10% glass powder and 30% IOT, obtained splitting tensile strength was 4.48 MPa and modulus of elasticity value was has also increased. Water absorption experiment consequences results that water absorption decreases with an increase in GP percentage. The concrete workability tends to decrease when with glass powder content increase. Concrete containing 10% glass powder and 30% IOT showed maximum strength and it is considered as the optimum dosage. la resistencia a la tracción y también los parámetros de durabilidad, la investigación de absorción de agua probable para el concreto M40 se lleva a cabo con diferentes porcentajes de polvo de vidrio manteniendo el hierro. porcentaje de relaves de mineral constante. Con un 30 % de sustitución de polvo de vidrio como cemento y arena con IOT aumenta la eficacia del hormigón. El concreto con 10% de polvo de vidrio y 30% de relaves de mineral de hierro mostró una mayor resistencia en comparación con la mezcla convencional durante 28 días. La mezcla de concreto que contenía 10 % de GP y 30 % de IOT mostró una mayor resistencia a la flexión de 5,05 MPa durante 28 días. El valor de resistencia a la tracción de división también está aumentando i. e para 10% de polvo de vidrio y 30% de IOT, la resistencia a la tracción por división obtenida fue de 4,48 MPa y el valor del módulo de elasticidad también aumentó.


Introduction
A frequently used mode of transports is the road transport. We are in need to found alternate materials in roadway. Iron ore tailings is one of the mine wastes which is available in India. The safe disposal is very important aspect for safety of human being and animals and soil. To minimize the negative impact of IOT on environment and low cost construction, this can be utilized in concrete production as substitute of fine aggregate (Vieira et al., 2017); (Carvalho et al., 2021); (Karthikeyan et al., 2021); (Han et al., 2019). The viability of the tailings of iron ore as a substitute material on behalf of FA in the concrete for construction of concrete pavements. The transformation of fly ash and IOT into foaming geopolymer leads to the formation of porous structure encouraging Cu2+ sorption (Duan et al., 2016); (Shettima et al., 2016); (Duan et al., 2016). The Size distribution curve of composite binder containing IOT was very close optimization curve. So By Adding the IOT Packing density increased (Han et al., 2020); (Wang et al., 2016); (Thomas et al., 2013); (Lv et al., 2021); (Zhang et al., 2020). Water to binder ratio reduced means, it will give maximum strength. Also IOT Substitution in with nominal percentage increases the compressive strength of concrete (Ma et al., 2016); (Zhao et al., 2021); (Almeida et al., 2020); (Cai et al., 2016).
Glass powder is a kind of pozzolanic material because it has that nature and characteristics. Use of glass powder has much influence in setting time and cement expansion (Soliman and Tagnit-Hamou, 2016); (Omran and Tagnit-Hamou, 2016); (Lee et al., 2018); (Aliabdo et al., 2016). Concrete with cement replaced by 15% and 30% glass powder gives more strength as well as lowest porosity (Du et al., 2017); (He et al., 2019). The maximum compressive strength (136 MPa) was arrived when 20 % glass waste added in RPC-Reactive powder concrete (Kushartomo et al., 2015). Concrete with Fly ash and glass waste gives improvement in durability characteristics. Concrete with 20 percentages gives the nominal strength as compared to conventional concrete (Schwarz et al., 2008); (Sadiqul Islam et al., 2017);(Shayan et al., 2006). Objective of this study is to evaluate the suitability of Iron Ore Tailing as fine aggregate and Glass waste as cement. Also to find the various properties (Fresh and hardened) of concrete with IOT and glass waste.

Methodology
Following methodology is adopted to achieve the above objectives • Physical properties of cement, glass powder, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and iron ore tailing should be assessed by conducting the tests such as specific gravity and grain size distribution.
• Mix design of M40 grade concrete is done by selecting suitable ingredient of concrete and determine their proportion.
• • To find the mechanical properties of the concrete in which partially replaced cement with glass powder at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% and sand replaced by 30% IOT for M40 grade of concrete.
• Mechanical properties of concrete consisting of glass powder and iron ore tailing will be determined by experimental investigations.

Material and Properties
Studying suitability of biased substitute of cement by glass powder at different percentages and fine aggregates by iron ore tailings, laboratory tests were conducted. Initially, the concrete mix proportions were considered based on the 30% optimum replacement of iron ore tailings with 10%, 20%, 30% glass powder be a cementations material in mix of concrete. In second stage, modulus of elasticity, Compressive strength, tensile strength & flexural strength experiments were carried out toward determine mechanical properties containing iron ore tailings and glass powder. In third stage, water absorption test conducted for study durability property of mix of concrete.

Materials used
Materials use in support of experimental study were sand, cement, iron ore tailing glass powder, aggregates and water. The description of each of the materials is given in the following sections.

Cement
OPC 53grade conforming (BIS, 2013) is used this experimental examination. Physical properties of cement are given in (Table 1).

Glass powder
Finely powdered glass powder of specific gravity 2.6 is used. Glass powder used for this study is shown in (Figure 1).

Iron Ore Tailings
Iron ore tailing passing through 2.36mm IS sieve is used for this experimental programme. Specific gravity of IOT was discovered to be is 3.31. Iron ore tailing used for this study was shown in (Figure 2).

Fine Aggregates
The sand used does not contain any organic matter and it is free from impurities. SG of river sand be determined as per (BIS, 1963).River sand conforming (BIS, 1970), passing through sieve 4.75 mm is worn for present investigation as fine aggregate. The specific gravity was found to be 2.70. Sieve analysis results of fine aggregate given in (Table 2).

Coarse aggregate
Stone of size 10mm&20mm size which be locally available is used as coarse aggregate. In current analysis, the aggregates were 20 mm and 10 mm in size, respectively proportion 60 % and 40% by weight are used. Confirms to (BIS, 1970) "specifications for coarse and fine aggregates". Physical properties of CA given in (Table 3) and sieve analysis report of CA given in (Table 4).

Admixture
Super plasticizing admixture is a type of high range water reducing chemical admixture. In this study conplast SP430 is used in concrete mixes as chemical admixture to make keep concrete in workable condition and to avoid particle segregation (gravel, coarse and fine sand).

Mix Design
The various weights of ingredients for dissimilar concrete mix are given inside (Table 5) below.

Workability Test
Concrete Workability is the trait of fresh concrete mix, which represents the mixing, transporting, moulding, compacting ability of concrete. Workability is directly depending on water-cement ratio; workability rises with the rise in water to cement relation. Workability of fresh concrete is helpful to knowing the bleeding and segregation. 100mm is the top diameter, 200mm is the bottom diameter and 300mm is the height of slump cone. Temping rod was used to compact and remove the air voids. Slump value of concrete measured in 'mm' as per (BIS, 1959). Slump value for various mixes given in (Table 6).

Compressive Strength
The compressive strength value is important criteria for study the properties of concrete. To found the compressive strength a cube of 100*100*100mm casted and the testing of cubes were done in compression testing machine capacity 2000kN, as per (BIS, 1959). Maximum load at which the sample fails can be written down to calculate compressive strength. Compressive strength results for various mixes shown in (Figure 3).

Split Tensile Strength
Similar to compressive strength values, flexural strength values, splitting tensile strength values for 10% glass powder concrete mix were maximum. Hence for concrete mix with 10% glass powder and 30% IOT flexural strength is maximum. Split tensile strength results for various mixes shown in (Figure 4).

Water absorption
Absorption of Water test conducted on 100*100*100 size cubes. From the test result values, water absorption for mixes decreasing with increasing percentage of GP. Water absorption results for various mixes shown in ( Figure  6).

Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Compressive strength predominantly affects stress to strain value of concrete. Maximum Young's modulas of concrete achieved at 10% substitution of cement with glass powder. Modulas of elasticity results for various mixes shown in (Figure 7).

Results and Discussion
Study was conducted to find the optimum percentage of replacement of glass waste as cement and Iron ore tailing as fine aggregate. It is observed that concrete with 10 percent glass waste and 30 percent IOT gives more compressive strength comparing all mix including conventional concrete mix. Result from experimental investigation was discussed as follows.

Workability of concrete
From slump cone test, we get to know that concrete with zero percent glass waste as cement and 30 percentage as FA gives more slump (43 mm) comparing all other mix. Also the result shows that when increase in glass waste replacement percentage with 30 percentages IOT leads to reduction in Slump value.

Density of concrete
Concrete with 20 % GP as cement +30 % IOT as fine aggregate was given 6 % more density (2604 kg/m 3 ) by comparing conventional concrete density (2456 kg/m 3 ) . From results, we can conclude that, when increase in GP percentage with 30 percent IOT leads to increase in density of concrete.

Water Absorption
Concrete with 30 % Glass powder and 30 Percent IOT absorbing less water 1.84 % at 28 days, it was 41 percentage less compared to water absorption of conventional concrete 2.6 %. So when percentage of GP replacement increases means, it will reduce the water absorption level of concrete.

Modulas of elasticity
Concrete with 10 % GP with 30 % IOT gives maximum modulas of elasticity 36.09 * 10 3 MPa at 28 days .it was 9 percentages more compared to conventional concrete 32.85 * 10 3 MPa. From investigation we concluded that use of Glass powder with 30 percentages IOT results in increment of young's modulas, but 10% GP + 30 % IOT produces maximum.

Conclusion
• Replacement of glass powder as cement and 30 % IOT as fine aggregate enhances the compressive strength of concrete than conventional concrete. From results we found that 10 percent of GP with 30 % IOT gives more compressive strength at all ages compared to conventional.
• Concrete mix Stress to strain value high when containing 10% GP and 30% IOT and its higher compare with control mix at 28 days.
• Water absorption test results show water absorption reduction with rise in GP percentage.
• Workability of concrete tend decreased when increase the glass powder substance In order to ensure a longer period of workability, higher doses of super plasticizer tend to require. Compressive strength at 30% of glass powder found to decrease.