Management model with processes to identify seismic vulnerability in housing Modelo de gestión con procesos para identificar la vulnerabilidad sísmica en viviendas

Seismic events for decades have caused great prejudice to countries causing human and economic losses due to the collapse of houses, therefore the relevance of this research lies in offering a management model with processes to identify the seismic vulnerabilities of houses and validate the correlation between whether there is dependence between the Knowledge of the Management Model with Processes and its application (hypothesis). A mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) is presented, generating reliable and concise results, issuing Chi-Square values to prove that they are greater than 0.05, implying a very weak or low dependence relationship. Consequently, it is concluded with a confidence level of 95%, indicating the way in which the knowledge of the model is developed and its application, has very little dependence in the local governments of the Moquegua Region, since they do not know the proposed model.


Introduction
Frequently in Latin America, there are earthquakes or seismic events caused by structural damage in the layers of the earth, causing human and economic losses, among others (Moncayo et al., 2017). Peru does not escape this risk as it is located on the western edge of South America. This region is considered to be at high risk of earthquakes due to the subduction of the tectonic plates that convergein the country, including the Nazca Plate (Oceanic) under the South American Plate (Continental). It is also located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area of volcanic activity. (Bono et al., 2021).
In view of the above, there is a risk inherent to tectonic movements called seismic vulnerability, which has caused significant economic and human losses in Peru due to the inadequate control in the construction of houses and buildings, with 75% of the victims between 1900 and 1992 being due to the collapse of housing (Kuroiwa, 2005). It is important to mention that the seismic vulnerability of housing is a set of parameters (year of construction, height, type of housing and irregularities in plan and elevation) capable of predicting the type of structural damage, the failure mode and the carrying capacity of a structure under probable seismic conditions (Preciado et al., 2020) and (Escamirosa et al., 2018).
In addition, it is necessary to change and innovate to face the ongoing challenges by involving human capital through a competency-based management (CPM) tool, monitoring constructions and determining the risk level of existing buildings. We seek to minimize or eliminate non-compliance with the existing regulations in Perú (which is the country where the research was conducted), such as the Supreme Decree No. 003 issued by the (Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation 2019) (Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, 2019), in order to avoid human and economic losses. For this reason, (Alles, 2007) and (Rabago, 2010) mention the CPM as a resource to transform the communication channel between employees and the institution where they work. Increasing the knowledge and best practices of those involved can optimize the procedure to identify the seismic vulnerability of housing.
It is necessary to point out that the CPM is based on transferring all the knowledge through processes (for this reason, it is also known as Process Management) to the employees of a company or institution to generate its appropriation and modify their behavior when carrying out their activities. This case seeks to identify the greatest number of seismic deficiencies in the structural design of housing by validating a process management model to be implemented by the national government, and that can be replicated in other countries, taking as a reference center the region of Moquegua in Peru, considering that, compared to other regions, Moquegua-Tacna (210 x 130 km²) has a high percentage of occurrence of an earthquake of magnitude M 8.2. (Tavera, 2020).

Materials and methods
This is basic research as it is focused on providing new theoretical knowledge to the field of management for the identification of seismic vulnerability in housing and seeking an answer to the problem of the lack of a process management model for the prevention of natural disasters caused by the movement of tectonic plates that affect a region. In this case, the research was carried out in the Moquegua Region due to its seismic characteristics. It is important to point out that recent seismic activity in the department of Moquegua is dated June 23, 2001, in the 21st century, and reached a magnitude of MW 8.4 on the Kanamori scale. In this regard, (Hough, 2019) said that this is the most reliable scale to measure the magnitude of the event in terms of the energy released. Undoubtedly, this last earthquake caused significant damage to the city of Moquegua, resulting in the death of twenty-two people, 277 injured, and 57467 victims, in addition to 4062 dwellings affected and 2738 destroyed (Kuroiwa, 2005).
Also, the population under study is composed of two strata. The first is related to the number of dwellings in the Moquegua region, with 9,461,778 individual dwellings and 7,969 collective dwellings, totaling 9,469,747 according to (INEI, 2021a). Purposive sampling is applied to calculate the sample, as stated by (Baena, 2014) and (Hernández and Mendoza, 2018). Through this method, the elements are chosen based on the criteria and judgments of the researchers. Therefore, a population center was selected to implement the proposal, considering all the existing dwellings in the town of San Francisco. This pilot environment was selected because it is one of the centers with the highest population density in the region, has a high level of seismic risk and is accessible to the researchers. A total of 1,399 dwellings was determined. (INEI, 2021b).
For the second stratum, the population is composed of the public agents in charge of complying with the technical standard e.030 "Seismic Resistant Design" (Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, 2019) of the dwellings in the District Municipalities and Minor Population Centers of the Moquegua Region. In this case, 31 subjects will be included in a population census because it is a finite number manageable by the researchers. It is worth noting that the above-mentioned design complies with the appropriate structural regulations in terms of dimensions, materials, proportions, and resistance of the dwellings to save lives and minimize material damages (Pan American Health Org, 2000).
For this study, the mixed methods research (Qualitative and Quantitative) was applied through the observation technique (analytical method) and the survey (descriptive statistics). The procedure was based on the analysis of the international method of Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards, developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, known as FEMA 154. This standard applies to all structures located in telluric risk areas (Parrales et al., 2018), determining the technical and information requirements to be included in the management model with the proposed process and adapted to the region's reality. Also, a survey was conducted among the individuals involved in the acceptance or rejection of the process management model to identify the seismic vulnerability in the population centers of each jurisdiction and validate the proposal.
In addition to the above, the management plan was prepared with processes determining the inputs, outputs and the development of the processes for identifying the seismic vulnerability of housing, based on the FEMA 154 format, with aspects added to the proposed model, applying it to the dwellings chosen as a sample. Then, the data were processed according to the type of construction material, functionality and number of floors of the dwelling. Its vulnerable areas were identified and verified if it complies with the e.030 standard of the national building regulations. To support the above, vulnerability plans, plans of housing material types and the number of floors of the dwelling were designed considering the technical criteria in the field of engineering and the process management model.

Results and discussion
The results are organized to provide answers to two specific objectives: i) to determine the degree of knowledge of workers on the application of the seismic vulnerability identification model, and ii) to validate the design of a new process management-based model to identify seismic vulnerability in housing.
For this reason, after applying the corresponding analysis process to the survey and providing an answer to the first objective of the research, the results showed that the level of interest in using the model is evident, with 96.77% of high acceptance in the application of the process management model to identify seismic vulnerability by local governments.
( Table 1) and (Table 2) show the average behavior of interest in using and applying a process management model in local governments. The sum of the indicators' averages reaches the value of 19.51. This score is placed in the high level of interest in the application of the model. The standard deviations of the answers indicate that local governments do not know or are unaware of their functions in this regard. In conclusion, local governments show a high interest in using the management model, as analyzed from the data collected. Also, there is a low budget and Little awareness regarding the identification of Seismic Vulnerability.
By deepening the analysis and establishing a level of confidence in the results, the following hypothesis test is developed for the mean of the answers, considering the following assumptions: H0: μ < 16 -Low interest in the application of the model. H1: μ ≥ 16 -High interest in the model α: 5% -Significance level. n = 31 The t-distribution, a mathematical model, used in small, normally distributed populations, was applied (Ñaupas et al.,2014). The values of the t-distribution obtained from the statistical analysis are replaced, and the hypothesis test for the mean is calculated with the following (Equation 1):     The proposal for the identification of seismic vulnerability through the new Del Carpio 1.0 [eiv-rd1c] format is detailed below (see (Table 7)).

The evaluation of dwellings through the improved format known as Del Carpio is based on the following criteria:
Type 1: Seismically very weak: old buildings (older than 100 years) of adobe, pieces with dimensions of 50x30x13 cm, walls of 0.30 or 0.50 m wide without vertical or horizontal reinforcements, with flexible roofs with wooden beams forming trapezoidal trusses on which wooden slats are placed with mud cake, this type of roof is known as "Mojinete." Buildings with adobe walls, with dimensions of 40x30x12 cm, resulting in walls of 0.20 and 0.40 m wide and 2.5 m high, with stone foundations with mud of 0.40 m deep, without vertical or horizontal reinforcements in the walls, with a light roof consisting of wooden beams covered with cane and mud cake and also corrugated sheets of zinc or asbestos-cement.
Type 2: Seismically weak: old buildings of wood and quincha, with structural members weakened by the action of successive wetting and drying, with a flexible mojinete-type roof covered with wooden slats or cane with mud cake or corrugated sheets of zinc or asbestos-cement. Buildings of masonry walls whose units are bricks (29x15x9 cm) and blocks (30x18x13cms) of handmade concrete of regular to low quality, joined with sand-cement mortar, concrete strip foundation, with or without reinforcement in concrete columns, without tie beams, with a flexible and light roof made of wooden beams covered with canes with mud cake, corrugated sheets of zinc or asbestos-cement. As

with columns and tie beams and a light rigid roof, self-built in an informal manner, without having received any technical advice, and the clay units will be solid.
Type 4: Seismically resistant: buildings of masonry walls with units made of manufactured bricks of clay or concrete, or good quality concrete blocks, joined with sand-cement mortar, with columns, tie beams and light or heavy rigid roof of reinforced concrete, built with technical advice. As an additional theory to this type, there are buildings with walls of limited ductility: • High vulnerability: the area where Type 1 and Type 2 buildings represent more than 75% of the total. • Medium-high vulnerability: the area where Type 1 and Type 2 buildings represent more than 50% of the total. • Medium vulnerability: the area where Type 2 and Type 3 buildings represent more than 50% of the total. • Medium-low vulnerability: the area where Type 3 and Type 4 buildings represent more than 50% of the total. • Low vulnerability: the area where Type 3 and Type 4 buildings represent more than 75% of the total.
The percentages defined by the researcher to be used in the proposal are detailed below: (Table 8) shows the percentages to be used in the new formats to perform the necessary seismic vulnerability calculations. (Table 9) shows the values defined by the researcher to qualify the soil types under study.
In relation to the geometrical parameters according to their torsional composition, the consolidated score will be established in (Table 14).
Regarding hydrological parameters, those stipulated in (Table 15) will be used.    Finally, the sum of all these parameters will provide the final result for the identification of seismic vulnerability (See (Table 16)).

Final thought
A macro based on process management was developed through the analysis carried out and the validation of its effectiveness with the persons in charge of identifying the seismic vulnerability in the areas of Moquegua. This is the first step in the four-step improvement process, which has a distinctive letter for its codification (see Figure 1), allowing to make an early warning of the structural seismic vulnerability of housing in any region with medium-high seismicity.

Measurement
Score range   ( Figure 2) shows the map with the processes and departments involved, based on the information observed, the knowledge provided by the specialists in seismic structures in the region and the project information.
In this sense, (Candebat and Godínez, 2018) state that this last data is not necessary to perform the evaluation since significant parameters were considered in the instrument designed to obtain accurate results. They also agree with what was expressed by (Álvarez, 2016), who emphasizes that for a long time, the lack of maintenance in dwellings has an impact on their deterioration, making them more susceptible to suffer significant damage in cases of medium-high magnitude earthquakes.
Subsequently, through this research, the construction and application of the form designed to determine that 30% of the general sample has a value higher than 2 and 70% of the sample has a value lower than 2, corresponding to structural failures in its construction, foundations, soil typology-level failures, joints between columns and beams, door openings, critical damage in windows. This places the seismic vulnerability of housing in the medium-high range. These incidences are consistent with the studies conducted by Loor, (Palma and Garcia, 2021), in which the vulnerabilities of the dwellings of the Santa Marianita sector in Ecuador are detected. It was agreed with the elite of each government to promote efforts to guarantee the access to credits or aids directed to the inhabitants of the dwellings that show seismic vulnerability, maximizing the quality of life, the proper habitability and safety against possible seismic events.

A model validated by experts based on process management (knowledge of processes by workers) was
obtained so that the persons in charge of identifying the seismic vulnerability of housing in an area can determine their degree of risk. This way, the regional government can take preventive measures in the event of an earthquake, avoiding human and economic losses.
2. The instrument developed includes the evaluation of analyzed parameters that directly affect the behavior of the housing structure.
The proposed model was applied to 1,399 dwellings located in the population center of SanFrancisco in the Province of Mariscal Nieto, Moquegua Region. The model showed a medium-high level of vulnerability in the dwellings. This means that they do not comply with the requirements of the technical standard e.030 "Seismic Resistant Design" issued by the Peruvian Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation.